Giulini, Carlo Maria

1914–2005, Italian conductor. A disciple of Arturo Toscanini, he was first known as a conductor of opera, debuting in Bergamo in 1950 and subsequently conducting chiefly in Milan and Rome. In 1968 he made his orchestral debut, with the New York Philharmonic, and he became known for refined treatments of the traditional orchestral repertoire. After holding posts with the Chicago Symphony and Vienna Symphony, he was (1978–84) musical director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.