Which of the following was the cause of the passage of the Blaine Amendments?

Blaine Amendment - Wikipedia
The Blaine Amendment was first a failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution and then several enacted provisions in 38 of the 50 state constitutions in the United States. These provisions forbid direct government aid to educational institutions that have a religious affiliation.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_Amendment

As for the cause, that is up for discussion.